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Geography - Maps and Map Reading (Form I)
Muhtasari / Summary: Map elements, types, scale, contour lines, and grid references.
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A map is a representation of the Earth's surface on a flat surface. Essential map elements: Title, Scale (e.g. 1:50,000), North arrow, Key/Legend, Grid references. Types: Topographic maps show relief using contour lines (lines joining equal heights). Scale: Representative Fraction (1:50,000 means 1 cm = 500 m). Direction: Cardinal points (N, S, E, W) and compass bearings (000°–360°). Grid references: 4-figure (area) and 6-figure (point).