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Chemistry - Acids, Bases and Salts (Form III)

English chemistry form3 acids bases pH salts neutralisation
Muhtasari / Summary: Acids, bases, pH, indicators, and neutralisation reactions.
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Acids donate H⁺ ions (protons) – e.g. HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃. Bases accept H⁺ – e.g. NaOH, Ca(OH)₂. Alkalis are soluble bases. pH scale: 0 = strong acid, 7 = neutral, 14 = strong alkali. Indicators: litmus (red in acid, blue in base), universal indicator gives pH value. Neutralisation: Acid + Base → Salt + Water. Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen. Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + CO₂. Common salts: NaCl, CuSO₄, CaCO₃.

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