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Chemistry - Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table (Form II)

English chemistry form2 atomic structure periodic table isotopes protons
Muhtasari / Summary: Atomic structure, isotopes, and Periodic Table organisation.
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An atom consists of a nucleus (protons + neutrons) surrounded by electrons. Atomic number = number of protons. Mass number = protons + neutrons. Isotopes: same element, different neutron numbers (e.g. ¹²C and ¹⁴C). The Periodic Table (Mendeleev, 1869) arranges elements by increasing atomic number. Groups (columns) have similar properties. Periods (rows) show increasing electron shells. Metals (left), non-metals (right), metalloids (middle staircase).

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